Disclaimer

Last updated 16 October 2026.

Educational use

The calculators, articles and other content on this website are provided for education and planning. They give estimates based on the published equations shown with each tool. They are not a substitute for your validated methods, approved specifications, standard operating procedures or the judgement of a qualified person.

Not a validated system

The free tools and the Practical Pharma Science apps are not validated computerised systems and do not create controlled GxP records. Do not use them as the system of record for regulated decisions without your own verification.

Standards and trademarks

References to USP, Ph. Eur., ICH, FDA and other bodies identify the source of a method or limit. Practical Pharma Science is independent and is not affiliated with or endorsed by any of them, or by any instrument or software vendor. All trademarks belong to their owners.

No warranty

Content is provided as is. While every formula is checked, errors can occur. Practical Pharma Science and Mirela Gorjanu accept no liability for decisions made using this website.